Argos Was an Important Greek Polis

Located by the Gulf of Argolis, Argos (á ¼Å'Ï ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š) is an important polis of Greece in the southern section, the Peloponnese, specifically, in the area called the Argolid. It has been inhabited since prehistoric times. The inhabitants were known as á ¼Ë†Ã ÃŽ ³ÃŽ µÃ¡ ¿â€"ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¹ (Argives), a term that is sometimes used for all the Greeks. Argos competed with Sparta for prominence in the Peloponnese but lost. The Gods and Heros of Argos Argos was named for an eponymous hero. The more familiar Greek heroes Perseus and Bellerophon are also connected with the city. In the Dorian invasion, when the descendants of Heracles, known as the Heraclidae, invaded the Peloponnese, Temenus received Argos for his lot. Temenos is one of the ancestors of the Macedonian royal house from which came Alexander the Great. Argives worshiped the goddess Hera in particular. They honored her with an Heraion and annual festival. There were also sanctuaries of Apollo Pythaeus, Athena Oxyderces, Athena Polias, and Zeus Larissaeus (located on the Argive acropolis known as Larissa). The Nemean Games were held in Argos from the end of the fifth century BCE to the late fourth because the sanctuary of Zeus at Nemea had been destroyed; then, in 271 BCE, Argos became their permanent home. Telesilla of Argos was a female Greek poet who wrote around the turn of the fifth century BCE.  She is best known for rallying the women of Argos against the attacking Spartans under Cleomenes I, in about 494 BCE. Argos in Literature In the period of the Trojan War, Diomedes ruled Argos, but Agamemnon was his overlord, and so the whole Peloponnese is sometimes referred to as Argos. The Iliad Book VI mentions Argos in connection with mythological figures Sisyphus and Bellerophon: There is a city in the heart of Argos, pasture land of horses, called Ephyra, where Sisyphus lived, who was the craftiest of all mankind. He was the son of Aeolus, and had a son named Glaucus, who was father to Bellerophon, whom heaven endowed with the most surpassing comeliness and beauty. But Proetus devised his ruin, and being stronger than he, drove him from the land of the Argives, over which Jove had made him ruler. Some Apollodorus references to Argos: 2.1 Ocean and Tethys had a son Inachus, after whom a river in Argos is called Inachus....But Argus received the kingdom and called the Peloponnese after himself Argos; and having married Evadne, daughter of Strymon and Neaera, he begat Ecbasus, Piras, Epidaurus, and Criasus, who also succeeded to the kingdom. Ecbasus had a son Agenor, and Agenor had a son Argus, the one who is called the All-seeing. He had eyes in the whole of his body, and being exceedingly strong he killed the bull that ravaged Arcadia and clad himself in its hide; and when a satyr wronged the Arcadians and robbed them of their cattle, Argus withstood and killed him.Thence [Danaus] came to Argos and the reigning king Gelanor surrendered the kingdom to him; and having made himself master of the country he named the inhabitants Danai after himself. 2.2 Lynceus reigned over Argos after Danaus and begat a son Abas by Hypermnestra; and Abas had twin sons Acrisius and Proetus by Aglaia, daughter of Mantineus.... They divided the whole of the Argive territory between them and settled in it, Acrisius reigning over Argos and Proetus over Tiryns. Sources Howatson, MC, and Ian Chilvers. Argos.  The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford: Oxford Univ. P, 1996.Schachter, Albert Argos, Cults The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Ed. Simon Hornblower and Anthony Spawforth. Oxford University Press, 2009.Kelly, Thomas. â€Å"The Traditional Enmity Between Sparta and Argos: The Birth and Development of a Myth.†Ã‚  The American Historical Review, vol. 75, no. 4, 1970, pp. 971–1003.Rose, Mark. Reviving Nemeas Games. Archaeology, Apr. 6, 2004.

The And Foreign Policy Of The United States - 1640 Words

In politics, individuals often play a tremendous role both in a domestic and foreign policy of states. Numerous examples of this can be found from historical events. For example, Adolf Hitler is the most notable individual who simply changed the entire world history. Hitler was able to change Germany’s goal and actions with his unique desire to conquer the world. It was a clear example of how one person’s idea could spread throughout the world and even change the history. However, this notion of individual’s significant influence can be challenging to come into reality due to the fact that individuals must show unusually strong ambition or an idea to have significant impacts. Additionally, Byman and Pollock have argued that if power is concentrated in the leader, then it is likely to see individual’s influence in state’s behavior (Byman, Pollock, 2001). From this argument, I could further argue that particularly in the system of dictatorship similar to the regime in North Korea, individuals could matter significantly. Likewise, in DPRK, their leader Kim Jong-Un is the most powerful man as it is seen in figure 2. If this argument is plausible, the reason why North Korean invests excessively in the military and the nuclear weapon is because of their leader’s personal goal and aspiration. In order to prove this hypothesis presented above, I will use Byman and Pollock’s pieces’ evidence that proved individuals matter in politics. Furthermore, I chose to use Byman and Pollock’sShow MoreRelatedThe United States Foreign Policy1667 Words   |  7 PagesAs Kelly Anderson’s Foreign Policy Analyst, the following memo will address three areas of the United States’ foreign policy. The U.S. has gone through may transition when it comes to its foreign policy. 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However, following the rise of the industrial revolution in the United States American business began to recognize the vast potential of the international market place. The U.S. sought out to expand its territory globally to increase trade and protect its assets more effectively. The United States

Beethoven Bibliography free essay sample

Ludwig van Beethoven was born In Bonn, Germany to the parents of Maria Severity and Johann van Beethoven. He was raised by his father who hoped he was going to become a child prodigy in music like Mozart was. Although Beethovens father was quite a singer, he never did match up to the music abilities that Beethovens grandfather had. The talent that the grandfather had, fortunately was present in Beethoven even though It was not present In his father.That Is Just what his father was hoping for. At the same age as Mozart, Beethoven did not quite have the talent as Mozart did. Mozart had a photographic memory for music which abele him to Just be able to listen to a piece of music and go home and write all of the notes down exactly how he heard it, while Beethoven could of only partially done that, not note for note. We will write a custom essay sample on Beethoven Bibliography or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a young boy, Beethoven would try to throw together his own compositions on the piano, but his father did not like it when he would Just focus on that. HIS father wanted him to focus mainly on learning to read the music and the notes how they were written which greatly helped him later on In life when he began to lose his hearing. Occasionally, Beethovens father would have his friend, a drinking partner, to come to the house to give lessons to young Beethoven. Sometimes it would be after midnight before they got home, causing them to have to wake up poor Beethoven from sleeping Just to practice. Soon, he started practicing with a man of the name, Christian Neff. They believe this is the man who organized for Beethoven to go audition for Mozart.Listening to Beethovens piano playing. Mozart was not very Impressed on It. Although Mozart was not impressed with his music reading, when he gave Beethoven a chance to improvise upon a tune, he noticed the real compositional talent that Beethoven had and told some of the people in the room to keep an eye on him because he will bring something important to the musical world. While Beethoven was in Vienna visiting Mozart, his mother became very sick causing him to have to go back home and help her and the family.While Beethoven was back at home, Mozart died causing him to never get to see him or play with him again. After the death of Beethovens mother, his fathers alcoholism severed causing Beethoven to become the sole support for his family. In 1776, when Beethoven began to experience severe hearing loss, success with music seemed impossible for him. He was only able to tell his closest friends that his hearing loss had not gotten any better over the past two years.HIS hearing loss depressed him so much that he even considered suicide and wrote a suicide letter to his brothers which talked of his hearing loss and his decision to not have to face it any longer. He explained that his hearing loss would really mess up his abilities as a musician. Beethoven started doing multiple treatments to try to fix his hearing loss such as, enemas, baths, ointments, and salves. Back then, they always thought that an enema could fix Just about anything. It was rare for Beethoven to get out any, but medical problem.Beethoven had ear trumpets to try to help him hear better and Mould take the legs off the piano so it would lay flat against the floor. He would lay his body flat on the ground and play the keys hard so he could feel the vibrations of the music in the floor. Beethoven was not very wealthy so he always had to get one of the cheapest apartments on the top floor of the buildings which would cause him to get kicked out all of the time because of the noise and the rackets he would make, disturbing the people who lived below him. Beethoven lived in 70 different houses and went through many housekeepers. He would do things like accuse his housekeepers for trying to poison him for leaving his food, such as macaroni and cheese, out which was not safe back in the day because they did not Pasteur their Cheese. The apartment keepers learned that they never needed to rent out the apartment below Beethoven because he was Just too noisy and distracting. Although Beethoven could not hear, he continued to be able to write songs because of his great reading skills in musical notation.

Marketing Communications Plan To Launch A New Brand Marketing Essay Essay Example

Marketing Communications Plan To Launch A New Brand Marketing Essay Essay Description Hydra is to be launched as a premium trade name for still unflavoured and flavored H2O. It would be available in two sizes of 750ml and 330 milliliters each. The bigger bottle is to be made available in athleticss battalion and the smaller in a screw cap. Along with unflavoured H2O, Hydra offers four water plus spirits which are orangish n cherry, ginger n lemon, batch N herbs and merely grape. The flavored bottles would be available as Hydra! to distinguish them from unflavored. Competition ANALYSIS The bottled H2O industry is basically a portion of the soft drinks sector which besides includes carbonated drinks, still drinks, juices and other dilatable ; stand foring a entire client value worth A ; lb ; 219 billion ( Leijh, 2006 ) . The image of carbonates, the biggest participant of this sector, has been on a diminution due to turning wellness concerns and the industries accordingly try to reinvent their offerings in order to pull the consumers. Thus the traditional boundaries between carbonated drinks, H2O and juices and being dropped as newer blends hit the shelves every twenty-four hours. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Communications Plan To Launch A New Brand Marketing Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Communications Plan To Launch A New Brand Marketing Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Communications Plan To Launch A New Brand Marketing Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The competition hence in this industry is huge and proactive. Offers in the market which provide the value of slaking thirst must be regarded as indirect competition. These will include carbonated drinks, juices, milk, energy drinks, still drinks and even sparkling H2O ; across all spirits. Some of the indirect rivals identified are Pepsi, Coca Cola, Dr. Pepper, Britvic, Cresta, Tango, Sunkist, Lucozade, Tropicana, Nesquik and Scheweppes Tonic. The direct competition comes from other bottled H2O trade names which target the same market as Hydra. These trade names provide about the same value that is, still unflavoured and flavored H2O to the same market sections. The trade names identified as direct competition for farther analysis are Vittel and Aqua Pura. The Vittel trade name belongs to the Perrier household owned by Nestle while Aqua Pura is an ain label production from Well Well. Both these trade names offer still flavored and unflavoured H2O. Market SEGMENTATION The bottled H2O market in the UK posted strong positive growing and entire value of A ; lb ; 1.4 billion in 2007 ( Data Monitor Industry Profile, 2008 ) . The volume of gross revenues has besides been invariably increasing at a compound one-year growing rate of 5.7 % from 2 billion litres in 2003 to 2.5 billion in 2007. Data proctor survey besides reveals that still unflavoured H2O consists of 48.4 % of entire gross revenues in this industry and still unflavoured consists of 12.2 % . A survey of 24000 samples by Livingstone ( 2004 ) reemphasizes the big figure of still H2O drinkers over scintillating. Figure 1 shows the laterality of still H2O in this market. Figure: Changing young person imbibing wonts Figure: Laterality of Still waterThe young person market section in this industry has besides been increasing in importance for the trade names. Livingstone ( 2004 ) charts an about 20 % addition in usage of bottled H2O in 11-19 old ages old over 1997 to 2004. This is shown in Figure 2. The communicating schemes of the trade names besides reflect reacting to this. Nestle Waters launched Vittel Red, aimed at immature work forces and adult females through an high-strung stigmatization attack ( Haymarket Publication, 2006 ) . Aqua Pura s Activa and Revive are two sub trade names aimed at aiming the young person. Salazar ( 2007 ) states how demographics affect the use of bottled H2O across UK. Women constitute the bulk of bottled H2O drinkers. Around 45 % of 18 to 34 twelvemonth old adult females and 44.6 % of 35 to 54 twelvemonth old adult females devour bottled H2O. Men s per centums of the 18 34 age groups drank 35.3 % and those in the age group from 35 to 54 consumed 34.5 % . In add -on, harmonizing to WQA studies ( cited in Salazar, 2007 ) , some 47 % of 18 to 34 twelvemonth olds do non believe that their H2O is safe ; hence 41.4 % of them consume bottled H2O on a regular basis. Target Selling In the value exchange attack to selling, Gabbott ( 2004 ) , states that the trade name should place mark sections based on the significance and viability of the merchandise for the mark. Targeting includes placing specific group of consumers with similar penchants for whom the merchandise is most meaningful and appropriate. This analysis identifies three mark sections for the bottled H2O trade names in survey. Sports Active Both Aqua Pura and Vittel have athleticss cap available and are taking patrons of featuring events. While Aqua Pura sponsors the UK Athletics and the great tally programme ; Vittel has been a patron of London endurance contest since the past 8 old ages. It would be interesting to observe that Vittel even has marathon preparation and hydration tips from adept Jamie Baird on its web site. Vittel besides launched a new drink Vittel +Energy with public presentation heightening ingredients ( refer to Figure 3 ) Travel For It Guys/Girls Livingstone ( 2004 ) identifies lifestyle and manner driven drinkers as Go-For-It mark. These are active immature males and females who are heavy cyberspace users and fast nutrient consumers. Both the trade names provide sleek bottle options for this group. To aim this group, Vittel operates as a lifestyle H2O option with high-strung stigmatization. Its David Bowie commercial was chiefly targeted at this mark group. Aqua Pura on the other manus attracts this group through its bomber trade names Activa and Revive. Figure: Vittel +energy Source: nutrient industry ( 2003 ) , ebsco publishingChildren Both the companies target kids as one of the of import mark groups. With smaller bottles available which can suit into the school tiffin boxes, to bind ups with Warner Bros and Looney Toones ; Vittel strives to make a full fledging division for kid consumers merely. Aqua Pura s Champions programme ( Aqua Pura, 2008 ) is once more a kids specific programme through which it spreads the message of mundane healthy hydration along with the aid of school instructors. Market Placement To analyze the market placement of the bottled H2O industry, it is indispensable to place the wide values that the consumer demands and the values that are provided by the bing market participants. The basic value demanded and supplied in this industry is that of slaking the thirst. As King ( 2002 ) points out, there has been a batch of weight placed on research and development to heighten this value supplied. Lots of research and selling has been focused into development of water + options from vitamins to oxygen to new spirits being introduced. As the basic value is served by all the market participants, distinction is possible merely through value add-ons and trade name development. To develop a trade name positioning map for this survey, the trade name entreaty ( premium, sophisticated urban, immature ) and the value distinction ( regular flavored ) are chosen as the properties. The positioning map therefore developed is shown as Figure 4. URBAN TESCO VOLVIC VITTEL HYDRA FLAVORED REGULAR AQUAPURA HIGHLAND Spring PERRIER Sophisticated EVIAN FIGURE 4: Market POSITIONING MAP OF LEADING Trade names Selling COMMUNICATIONS Plan Aim The aims of this program are identified below. To make trade name consciousness. The mark market has to be made cognizant of the being of the trade name. This is to be achieved through a mix of both above and below the line activities. Seventy five per centum of the mark market is to be made cognizant over the clip program. To accomplish market incursion. This is to be done through a combination of aggressive below the line and pricing schemes. Fifty per centum of the mark market is to be penetrated over the clip program. To make trade name publicity. Hydra is to be promoted sharply and to be established as an active and urban trade name of bottled H2O. Constitution of Hydra! as a unequivocal sub-brand. TIME Plan Exploratory Research 3 hebdomads Concept Development and Creative Idea 4 hebdomads Market Tests 1 hebdomad Integrated Communicationss Above-the-line Strategies 12 hebdomads Below -the-line Strategies 26 hebdomads Exploratory Research Focus group interviews to be for merchandise development and purchaser behaviour research. Concept Development and Creative Idea The trade name s communicating constructs are developed internally, media planning and budgeting is carried out. External services are hired to make communications. Market Trials Trials are carried to look into the response, cogency and effects of communications designed. Integrated Communicationss Validated communications are issued through above-the-line and below-the line. Monitor and Evaluation The feedbacks generated by the communications are to be monitored systematically. Evaluation of the program is to be done invariably and tight control is to be maintained. Target SEGMENTS The wide mark market for this trade name is everyone who wants to slake its thirst. But through the cleavage procedure, a few sections have been identified to which to which this communicating program is to be targeted. These are identified below Young urban professionals. Below 35 old ages of age, metropolis inhabitants male or female. Sports partisans. Childs from the age 8-16 Age group 16-22. Market influence leaders Through behavioural cleavage, mark sections identified include Experiences , Innovators and Early Adopters . ABOVE-THE-LINE STRATEGIES The trade name Hydra will be launched through an aggressive above-the-line communications run. A strong pull and profile scheme is to be realized through above-the-line. The advertizements to be used for the run must be foremost used to present and remember the trade name, distinguish it from the competition, inform the consumers of the values in exchange and carry their purchasing determination. Media Planning Keeping in head the immense size of mark audience and comparative concentration in certain centres, the media to be used to present the communications has been decided. It is merely after this that communications are developed to be broadcast through these beginnings. The media selected for Above-the-line communications are Television, Print, Outdoor, In Store, and Internet. Television Television is the most common medium for mass advertisement. For Hydra s launch two Television commercials are to be created. It is aimed to advance Hydra as an individualistic, conventionalized and aspirational athleticss and lifestyle trade name through these commercials. The first Television ad should kick get down the run and to be followed by other mediums. The 2nd Television ad is to be launched after two hebdomads of the first commercial. Musca volitanss to be bought include lifestyle and athleticss channels at premier clip and eventide. Print The print run for Hydra will get down at the same time with the telecasting commercial appearance. The print ads will be complementary to the message of the telecasting ads. The print media to be used is newspapers ( The Sun, Guardian ) magazines ( Men s Health, Women s Health, OK! ) and yellow journalisms ( Daily Mirror, The London paper ) . Full back page advertizements in day-to-day yellow journalisms twice a hebdomad for first four hebdomads and medium sized ads three yearss a hebdomad thenceforth, are to be placed. Medium sized advertizements in newspapers are to be placed five yearss a hebdomad for the first two hebdomads ; each twenty-four hours for a new spirit ( regular plus four ) . The explosion at the launch is to be followed by two ads a hebdomad. The magazines ad is to be accompanied with a reader competition as good. Outdoor and In Shop Banners, logo and ads are to be placed in public conveyance systems, high streets, shopping centres and inside the shop at points of sale. Internet Internet is to be really strategically used in order to pass on with the mark. The market influencers of the World Wide Web are to be targeted through community web sites, web logs, synergistic gambling and societal networking sites. The web site of Hydra is to include an synergistic game where the participant would necessitate to maintain his degree of Hydra high. The game would besides be linked to facebook as one of its applications. Video blogging and YouTube channels are besides to be used to advance the trade name. Hydra ads on the cyberspace would be seen in portals, intelligence and lifestyle sites. BELOW-THE-LINE STRATEGIES It is imperative excessively design relevant below-the-line communicating schemes for the success of the launch of Hydra. Below-the-line communications of Hydra would be a mix of pull and push schemes. These are to be carried over a period of 26 hebdomads and so reassessed. Gross saless publicity, forming and patronizing events, effectual public dealingss, effectual distribution and personal merchandising are effectual techniques used. Gross saless Promotion In the initial period of launch, gross revenues publicity activities are indispensable. The purpose of aggressive gross revenues publicity would be to do the mark market seek the merchandise. It is planned that price reduction vouchers offering 50 per centum price reduction to be accompanied in the print ads. It is besides planned to hold price reduction vouchers for every single spirit on different yearss. This would assist advance each spirit every bit. Different price reductions are besides planned for section shops and convenience shops. Besides, bulk bargains in six battalions would pull price reductions. Through gross revenues publicity, Hydra is to be pushed to the consumers. Events The profile scheme calls for patronizing events as it helps set up and prolong the trade name. It is worthwhile to patronize merely if the trade name identifies with the event. With Hydra being an active life style and athleticss trade name, sponsorships of athleticss and other events would come of course. It is planned to get down with patronizing corporate athleticss meets and travel on to patronize international featuring events and other events such as a music festival. Sponsorships and events are a portion of the pull scheme. Public Relations Effective PR has to be maintained while establishing the trade name. It would necessitate affairs with different imperativeness and intelligence bureaus. News releases for the trade name should be conspicuously featured. The influence leaders of the society demand to be targeted. Print articles sing wellness, hydration and fittingness are to be released in different publications. Personal Selling The largest purchasers of the bottled H2O industry are the departmental shops. Water is besides sold through other merchants, convenience shops, intelligence agents, tobacconists, some eating houses, booths and peddling machines. Personal merchandising is required to efficaciously make and keep strategic relationship with the channels. It is a authoritative portion of the push scheme. Although the gross revenues individual would non be selling straight to the terminal user, its occupation would be all the more of import as it would be covering in larger measures with larger parties. INTERNATIONAL LAUNCH Location After the launch of Hydra in the United Kingdom, it is to be launched in the international market every bit good. It would be done after closely supervising the public presentation of the trade name in the UK. To establish the trade name internationally, the first measure is to make up ones mind on the new market. Hydra would look to venture into different European markets maintaining in head the propinquity to the UK, geographically and culturally. It would look frontward to establish the trade name in Ireland and France foremost and so spread out to Germany, Spain and Poland. Aim After set uping the trade name in the UK, the aim of Hydra would be to reiterate its local success in the international market every bit good. In the Irish and the Gallic markets, Hydra would still be an unknown entity. Therefore the first aim is to present the trade name and create trade name consciousness. The 2nd aim is to set up Hydra and Hydra! as lifestyle trade names. Overall the aim is to culturally suit in the new market. Scheme Ireland and France have been chosen as markets for international launch because they do non differ much from the UK in footings of civilization. In footings of market cleavage, the mark sections for Hydra are the same as that in UK and so will be the placement of the trade name. Therefore it is planned to travel frontward with the same communications program tuned out with local linguistic communication.

Essay on World War I and Military Voters Act

Essay on World War I and Military Voters Act Essay on World War I and Military Voters Act Early in the war, Canada had experienced little difficulty in attracting sufficient numbers of new recruits to maintain the army in the field. Popular enthusiasm for what was expected to be a short but glorious war, high levels of unemployment at home, and a surplus of young single men all combined to create a rich environment for recruiting. Wages offered by military serving were generally attractive in a depressed economy. Among French Canadians recruiting was much less effective, due in no small part to ham fisted direction by Sam Hughes who had a long history of fanning anti-French, anti-Catholic sentiments for political gain.[1] Opposition to conscription did not mean opposition to the war. In the February 1917, there had been a very successful campaign by the Patriotic Fund in Quebec to donate one day’s pay. Both Le Devoir and La Presse had donated space to support the campaign in the spirit of what was described as â€Å"bonne ententism†, and almost 2/3 of t hose who subscribed were French Canadians.At the same time it had become increasingly clear that volunteers alone could no longer meet the demand for reinforcements for the Canadian Corps. By April recruiting had fallen to 5,530, increasing only slightly in May with the news of the Canadian victory at Vimy Ridge. In that same battle, almost twice that number had been killed or wounded. Borden who had been in Britain with other Commonwealth leaders returned from a visit to troops in France convinced that conscription was the only solution. Seeking to bolster support for conscription, Borden reached out to the opposition to form a union government. Laurier refused, fearing loss of his political base to Henri Bourassa, who led opposition to the war in Quebec. The Liberal party split over the issue with many liberals joining the union government to fight the election. In June, the Union government put forward legislation that would have enabled the government to conscript every male between 18 and 60. Opposition to conscription was not limited to Quebec. Many farmers opposed the measure arguing that they needed their sons at home if they were to meet the rising demand for agricultural production. Labour leaders supported the conscription of wealth arguing that burden of service should be shared by the wealthy as well as the working class. Still others opposed the war as a matter of conscience or saw the measure as an offense against Canadian democracy. Among visible minorities denied political equality there was also objection to being called to

Simple Conjugations of Danser, French for to Dance

Simple Conjugations of Danser, French for to Dance When you want to dance in French, which verb would you use? If you answered  danser, then youd be correct. The similarity of the English and French words makes it an easy one to remember. Its also a relatively simple verb to conjugate into the past, present, or future tense. Conjugating the French Verb  Danser Danser  is a  regular -er verb. It follows a standard verb conjugation pattern which is found in the majority of French verbs. This means that learning it is just a little easier, particularly if youve already memorized words like  dà ©cider  (to decide) and  cuisiner  (to cook). For the simplest verb conjugations, begin by identifying the verb stem:  dans-. To this, we will add a variety of infinitive endings to pair the subject pronoun with the appropriate tense of the subject. For instance, I dance becomes je danse while we will dance is nous danserons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je danse danserai dansais tu danses danseras dansais il danse dansera dansait nous dansons danserons dansions vous dansez danserez dansiez ils dansent danseront dansaient The Present Participle of  Danser Add the ending -ant  to the stem of  danser  to create the  present participle  dansant. This is a verb, though it can be an adjective, gerund, or noun in some circumstances. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is a common form of the past tense danced in French. To construct it, conjugate the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to match the subject pronoun, then attach the  past participle  dansà ©. Its quite simple when it comes together. For example, I danced is jai dansà © and we danced is nous avons dansà ©. More Simple  Danser  Conjugations There may be times when you need to use one of the following forms of  danser  as well. However, the conjugations above should be your primary focus at first. You can use the subjunctive verb mood when the action of dancing is uncertain. In a similar fashion, the conditional verb mood implies that the dancing will only occur  if  something else happens. In literature, you may also come across the passà © simple or the imperfect subjunctive. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je danse danserais dansai dansasse tu danses danserais dansas dansasses il danse danserait dansa dansà ¢t nous dansions danserions dansà ¢mes dansassions vous dansiez danseriez dansà ¢tes dansassiez ils dansent danseraient dansà ¨rent dansassent For stating  danser  in short exclamations, requests, or demands, the imperative form is used. For instance, Lets dance! is Dansons ! When creating these, skip the subject pronoun as its implied in the verb itself. Imperative (tu) danse (nous) dansons (vous) dansez

Food and Beverage Lodging Organizational Structure Essay

Food and Beverage Lodging Organizational Structure - Essay Example Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the organizational structure related to the operation of Food and Beverage in the hotel lodging industry. Further, the relationship between organizational structure and process management will be analysed. According to Shock & Stefanelli (1999), hotel restaurants have traditionally been managed as a secondary function, the second largest source of revenue, with the main operation being provision of rooms with boarding amenities. A new focus on outsourcing leads to creative planning and strategic alliances with well-known restaurant brands. â€Å"Organizational structure refers to the organization’s â€Å"formal reporting relationships, procedures, controls, authority, and decision making processes† (Hoskisson, 2008, p.309). When these elements of structure are properly aligned with each other and with necessary processes, the structure enables effective implementation of the organization’s strategies. Because of the diversity of services provided, the food and beverage department is subdivided into several units (Excerpt, 1999). The executive chef runs the food production or kitchen department, and is a very important person of authority in the organizational structure. Various culinary specialists responsible for different aspects of food preparation report to the executive chef. A separate department, headed by the assistant food and beverage director is responsible for the actual serving of food in the restaurants of large hotels. The food service section includes the individual restaurant and outlet managers, maitre d’ hotel, waiters, waitresses, and other help. Based on the special concerns and duties related to room service in large hotels and lodging facilities, a separate subunit is designated for the purpose. Similarly, separate departments may be responsible for the sale of alcoholic beverages,

The Old Testament vs the New Testament in The Scarlet Letter (OLD) and Essay

The Old Testament vs the New Testament in The Scarlet Letter (OLD) and Moby Dick (NEW) - Essay Example The effect of sin upon the human soul is the prevailing theme in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Book: â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† and he examined the unforgiving attitude of the Puritans towards sin in their treatment of adulteress Hester Prynne and their cruel punishment, which is akin to the harsh punishment and judgmental attitude of God as portrayed in the Old Testament. On the other hand, the book â€Å"Moby Dick† was written during the era of Protestantism when people were exhorted rather than coerced into conventional morality, where independence of thought and religion had set in and man was allowed a greater degree of flexibility in the wages for his sin, as exemplified in the New Testament through the teaching of Jesus where even the most grievous sinner could seek and find forgiveness. The quality of flexible thought is portrayed in the differing perspectives of the white whale that are presented in the book, Mody Dick. It may be viewed as an agent of evil or of good, depending upon the perspective of the viewer. This is the essence of the difference between the Old and New Testaments as well. As opposed to the harsh wages of sin in the Old Testament, the New Testament offers forgiveness to those who believe, therefore the wages of sin will depend upon the attitude of the sinner. The contrast between the attitude towards sin that is reflected in the old and New Testament is also revealed in the two works â€Å"Scarlet Letter† and â€Å"Moby Dick† with the former representing the path of the Old Testament and the latter the path of the New Testament. Hawthorne’s book centers around a female protagonist Hester Prynne, whose husband is captured in America and is away for many years. Hester commits adultery but refuses to divulge the name of her partner, who is later revealed to be none other than the priest of the community – Arthur Dimmesdale. Hester is publicly humiliated by the rigid Puritan society

Child Psychology Services (Part 1) Essay Example for Free

Child Psychology Services (Part 1) Essay Explain the importance of safeguarding children and young people Safeguarding children and young people is a key for all professionals who work in all settings where they have contact with children, more so children who could be more vulnerable than others i.e. a child who struggles with a physical or mental disability. All children need to feel safe and secure and are being taught or mentored by adults they can trust. It is of the upmost importance that the correct people, whether they are full time employees or volunteers are given CRB checks. All agencies involved with children (more so, vulnerable children and young people) must take practical measures to make certain that the risk of harm to children/young people’s wellbeing is minimised. If there are concerns about a child/young person’s welfare then all agencies must take appropriate action to deal with these concerns, i.e. working to the agreed local policies and procedures for safeguarding children, keeping records of all reports made about the child is essential as a source to safeguarding children. Explain the importance of a child or young person centred approach Essential to safeguarding and encouraging the welfare of a child or young person is having a child’s centred approach. This could include seeing and keeping a child focused through difficulties they could be experiencing. Listening and ascertaining a child’s wishes and feelings will be important for the child, especially if they have formed a strong bond with the professional they are opening up to. It will also be imperative to a child if that professional close to them understands their daily lives and what they might be experiencing, no matter how hard it could be for the adult to hear. Crucially the child or young person will know there are people out there to help and support them when they need advice or guidance. It is important for a child centred approach because every child is different and a unique individual. A child’s wishes should always be taken into account. The national framework for Every Child Matters (Children’s Act 2004) was set up to support children or young people to ensure the joining up of services to ensure that each individual achieves the five Every child Matters Outcomes which offer support to children to enable them to be; †¢ Healthy. †¢ Stay safe. †¢ Enjoy and achieve. †¢ Make a positive contribution. †¢ Achieve economic well-being. Explain what is meant by partnership working in the context of safeguarding. When it comes to safeguarding, children are best protected when professionals know what is required of them and how they work together. This means that everyone who works with children has a responsibility for keeping them safe which involves identifying concerns, sharing information and taking prompt action. To carry this out effectively professionals need to work in partnership with each other. Unfortunately, the importance of doing this has come about from professionals failing to protect Victoria Climbie who died in 2000. Her death was preventable as doctors, police and social workers all came into contact with her and had concerns. However, the doctors who treated her discharged her to her abusers care and admitted they assumed the social services would investigate. The social workers were described as incompetent and Victoria’s social worker felt unsupported by her supervisor and described her colleagues as conflicted and chaotic. The police too failed to fully investiga te Victoria’s home (for fear of catching scabies) although close family members and Victoria’s child-minder raised their concerns. Following this case lessons were learnt and recommendations put into place to try and prevent another tragedy where successful partnership working for safeguarding should have stepped in earlier to avoid this abuse. To provide adequate safeguarding measures it helps to have a complete ‘picture’ of the child. Partnership working means each professional, (whether it’s the police, NHS, educations departments, NSPCC or social workers), if they have concerns to do with safeguarding, welfare child protection, they should work with the other agencies in contact with that child. Each of these professionals may have one snapshot and a concern that  may, on its own, not necessary need intervention. By working in partnership and sharing information the bigger picture evolves and, if each profession has a different concern, together the dots can be joined and a clearer decision can be made on any intervention measures. To help co-ordinate partnership working professionals use the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) to assess a child’s needs and use the outcomes to provide access to services to provide necessary support. CAF is a voluntary process which is used with informed consent so families do not have to engage and if they do they choose what information that they want to share. The CAF process is aimed to be used when a teacher, the child concerned or their parent raises concerns about that child’s health, development, welfare, behaviour or progress in learning/wellbeing. The information gathered enables an assessment to be made of what help is required and how it will be delivered and by whom. A Team around the Child (TAC) is then created to implement the requirements. The professionals that make a TAC vary from child to child depending on their needs and within the TAC a lead professional will have the responsibility to coordinate the work. Describe the roles and responsibilities of the different organisations that may be involved when a child or young person has been abused or harmed. When a child has been abused or harmed the first line response will be at the point of the allegation or discovery. This could happen in any number of settings, for example at school, in a medical setting or by a child calling child line. All of the agencies or organisations will need to work together but have their own roles in helping the child. Social Services have statutory responsibilities to provide support to vulnerable children and families in need. This may be after a death or when families are finding day to day life difficult. Most social workers are employed by social services. Health Visitors have a responsibility for the health of babies and young children under the age of five. They provide support and guidance to the parents of young children and carry out assessments of the child’s development. General Practitioners (GPs) work in the community, usually from health centres, and are the gateway to other health services. GPs are often the first people to identify possible abuse when a child attends the surgery. Probation Services support people convicted of some offences to be rehabilitated into the community. They have a key role in monitoring people convicted of offences against children and should ensure that those people do not pose a threat to any local children. Police are involved in the criminal proceedings that may result from safeguarding issues. Schools and Training Organisations are key to identifying and supporting children between the ages of 5 18 years when they are in need of help. All staff working with children and young people should be trained in safeguarding and protection. Child Psychology Services will often be needed to support children who have experienced harm or abuse.

Rage Against the Machine Essay -- Music Bands Politics Essays

Rage Against the Machine Zack de la Rocha, Tom Morello, Brad Wilk, and Timmy Commerford took to a Philadelphia stage in 1993 clad in black electrical tape that covered their mouths and the initials PMRC written in black marker across their chests. They stood in this fashion for fourteen minutes while feedback from their guitars rumbled through the amps. This seemingly simple prank was actually protest against the censorship of music and the Parents Music Resource Center, founded by Tipper Gore (Buchi, incidents par. 3-4). The music of Rage Against the Machine contains the political and social views of the band members. They are very avid about defending constitutional rights of the individual and large groups of deprived people. The members of Rage Against the Machine each bring diversity and strong political views into the music they produce. Each member is unique in his childhood background and his introduction to music. It is important to understand their backgrounds to fully understand their passion for political justice. Zack de la Rocha was born in Long Beach, California in 1970. After his parent's separation when he was one year old, Zack lived with his mother in the "whitest community in Southern L.A.". Zack turned to his father to develop close ties with the Chicano community, but after his father's mental breakdown, Zack was forced to look for direction in a high school friend and now current band member Timmy Commerford. Zack, who is responsible for writing the band's lyrics, uses his intelligence to express his anger, especially in the mistreatment of groups like the Zapatistas (Taneja, Band Members par. 1). Timmy Commerford, the band's bassist, ... ...noose over all the new societies that it sees. "Ashes in the Fall" calls the leaders of today fascists that talk society up as a chosen life free of blot and mixture. The song contrasts this by showing that these promises fall through and the world is as it seems not as they want you to see it. "Ashes in the Fall" ends by showing that the closing of factories and schools by the rich drive the poor to crime. This driving force to crime opens the doors to the jail cells and the common person is tucked away. Rage Against the Machine uses its music to project its views about many political and social problems. The power of music has helped their messages reach people in positions that are normally politically retarded. Rage has had a profound influence on groups of people across the globe and will continue to do so in the future.

Industry Analysis of the Coffee Industry Essay

Ex: A child’s toy available at a dollar store may be cheaper, but the quality may not be as great compared to a similar toy at a higher priced toy store. The company must market the value of the toy to the consumer rather than the price. Industry AnalysisThe Coffee Industry has been booming for years, but recently many new players have come onto the scene such as Caribou Coffee, Starbucks Coffee Co., and even Dunkin’ Donuts. Each company offers numerous different blends, flavors, and roasts, but each claims their own to have different qualities that appeal to different markets. The veteran of the bunch is actually Dunkin’ Donuts, which has been serving coffee, and various baked goods since 1950. The company was founded by Bill Rosenberg and has grown from five locations in 1954 to over 6,000 locations in 30 different countries. It is considered the largest coffee and baked goods chain in the world and is tagged by the slogan: † The Dunkin’ Difference†. Dunkin’ Donuts had seemingly monopolized the industry until Starbucks Coffee Company came along in 1971. Their mission:†To inspire and nurture the human spirit-one person, one cup, and one neighborhood at a time. â€Å"Howard Schultz joined on with Starbucks in 1982 as director of retail operations and began direct marketing to fine restaurants and espresso bars. By 1995 Starbucks had developed into a full-blown coffee company with its own line of glassware, coffee mugs, and even in store music sales. Today there are over 5,000 Starbucks locations in numerous different countries and a booming following of customers. Their target audience consists of a broad spectrum of Music, Art, and Coffee lovers which all can convene in a warm, musical atmosphere. Last but not least, the new comer to the scene, Caribou Coffee, which was established in 1992, based on the idea:†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦that if true passion, hard work and excellence go into an endeavor, the outcome will be a quality experience, and therefore rewarding.†Although a much smaller company, only comprised of around 500 locations, Caribou Coffee strives to create a unique experience for coffee drinkers that has that â€Å"aha momentâ₠¬  as they describe it. So if these three companies are obviously all selling coffee, why do they have very passionate followers, who would seemingly rather stop drinking coffee  than go to one of their competitors to get their morning jolt?Dunkin’ Donuts, like many other current companies are showing an enormous interest in the economic situations of their consumers. One of their current promotions is a â€Å"Free Turbo Shot† in any iced coffee purchased. Not only is the word FREE enticing it also offers some sort of financial relief and suddenly becomes a bargain in the eyes of their consumers. They are also very well known for their advertisements throughout the years, whether it is through the media in their numerous television commercials, or even in their print advertising in multiple magazines and coupons in newspapers. This is one of their key selling points over Starbucks because Starbucks as a company believes in word of mouth advertising rather than actual advertisements. Another campaign currently being run by Dunkin’ Donuts is for one lucky customer to create the company’s next donut. Not only are they getting their customers involved in creating the donut, they are allowing anyone with access to their stores and website to vote on the numerous entries in the contest. Although this may somewhat alienate a small portion of their clientele by creating a donut that not everyone likes they are able to take the mass market and narrow it down to what a large portion of their consumers are interested in seeing as a product. Although this is a great concept they are not the only company willing to include their consumers in their product production. Starbucks has a strong hold in many aspects of the coffee industry due to their intense strategic orientation as well as their product management. The company is not only very interested in what their customers have to say about their products, but also are interested in what their own employees have to say. They do frequent coffee and tea sample-tasting to develop not only buzz about the launch of their new products, but to get feed back on what should stay the same and what needs to be changed. Through this communal version of brainstorming Starbucks can better understand their consumers and their employees needs. Another huge selling point of the Starbucks brand is in fact the actual logo that represents the company. The green circle boldly stating STARBUCKS COFFEE around the picture of a singing Siren is known throughout the world. It has become one of the most recognized symbols in the world and is a great advertisement in and of  itself. Each Starbucks store also utilizes point of purchase marketing very efficiently. Throughout every store there are numerous signs and posters advertising upcoming sales on merchandise, new product lines, and even current products coupled with enticing pictures of not only their beverages but their delectable treats as well. Through something Starbucks likes to call the â€Å"Third Place† they are able to create a peaceful environment away from work and home that people can come to relax, enjoy great music, and even better coffee. Caribou Coffee is somewhat of a different breed. Dunkin’ Donuts focuses on the fast paced grab-n-go lifestyle, Starbucks is centered on tranquility and relaxation, but Caribou Coffee is all about adventure and exploration. Their founders actually created the company thanks to a trip through the Alaskan Wilderness, after a strenuous climb to the summit of a mountain. Their belief is that excellence is a product of hard work, and that life is too short for anything else. Caribou Coffee is not necessarily the cheapest coffee company around, but they definitely offer financially affordable drinks for people to enjoy. One of their current promotions is â€Å"Set Your Wild Free†, which is centered on their most recent launch of a line of â€Å"8 Delicious Wild Coolers†. It sticks to their adventurous theme as well as giving a little extra enticement to their new product line. So if these companies are doing so many things right through community involvement, Public Service Announcements, marketing their products, and creating a unique, and individualistic feeling in each store, what modifications can be made to their marketing tactics? First off Dunkin’ Donuts has proven to have longevity in their product due to their willingness to adapt and grow with their surroundings. They could however obtain an account planner in order to help them better understand other demographics that who they are currently marketing to. Maybe the inclusion of music selections in their stores, or even adding a few health conscious choices to their menu would boost their sales and increase their return on investment. Starbucks on the other hand who does feature in store CD selections as well as health conscious drink options needs to focus more on the financial side of their business. They need to begin taking into account  that the economy is in a slump, and even though they have a very marketable product, it will get them nowhere if the common man can’t afford to buy they products let alone consume them. I’m sure if they took a deeper look into their pricing and the actual cost of their product a happy medium could be obtained that would still benefit the company and the consumer as well. They also need to develop stronger marketing concepts that allow them to have more outside advertisements such as billboards, commercials, and maybe even coupons, which seem to be unheard of to the Starbucks brand. Finally, Caribou Coffee is actually in a great position to market their products because they have a great argument for opportunity cost to their consumers. They have a highly comparable product to the more pricey Starbucks line and are able to target a more accessible audience than the Starbucks brand. Marketing to the â€Å"every day Joe† will give them the opportunity to pull in people that may have never tried their coffee before but are willing to do so because of the price difference. Once discovering that their product is ironically similar to Starbucks in quality, but is more financially acceptable they are more likely to return as well as spread the word to others. In turn helping to increase revenue and benefiting the companies’ sales and popularity. In closing all three companies do a wonderful job of representing the coffee industry and have made millions marketing themselves as household names throughout the world. Slight adjustments for each company would allow them to grow and develop into even more productive companies that will prove to have great sustainability as well being dependable sources of that little extra boost that so people have come to rely on in their daily routines. Through in depth SWOT Analysis, Integrated Marketing Communication, and intense advertising these three companies has become a beacon of success. They will continue to illuminate the path to the future of coffee as well as our morning, afternoon, and sometimes late night buzz that we as warm blooded Americans crave. Works Cited 2003. â€Å"The Bean Stock.† www.thebeanstock.com2007. DD IP Holder LLC. www.dunkinfranchising.com2008. Caribou Coffee Company. www.cariboucoffee.com. 2009. DD IP Holder LLC. www.dunkindonuts.com2009. Starbucks Corporation. www.strabucks.com2009. Recall – Firm Press Release. â€Å"Caribous Coffee Participates in Nationwide Peanut Product Recall.† www.fda.gov†Coffee.† National Geographic Online. 1996-2009. www.nationalgeographic.com/coffee. Coffee Geek. 2000-2009. WebMotif Net Services, Inc. www.coffeegeek.comKenneth Davids. Coffee Review. 2009. www.coffeereview.comMonica Guzman. â€Å"Starbucks Ad Campaign is Gutsy†. May 1, 2009. http://blog.seattlepi.com

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Running Head: THE RHETORICAL ANALYSIS IN â€Å"NO WOMAN NO CRY† The Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"No Woman No Cry† by Bob Marley and the Wailers Karen Start Dr. Felicia Dziadek Composition 1301 October 1, 2011 Abstract In this paper, the rhetorical analysis of the lyrics to â€Å"No Woman No Cry†, made famous by Bob Marley and the Wailers, has been analyzed to reveal the rhetoric mean. Historical events in the Jamaican government’s actions influenced the singer to protect, in a peaceful manner, the people and culture of his country, Jamaica.Repetition of phrases, sentence structure, tones and values of the song are used by the artist to help â€Å"move† the people then and still today. The Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"No Woman No Cry† by Bob Marley and the Wailers Try not start the opening sentence with a quote. â€Å"1979, Boston, MA, live at Amandla Festival-Harvard Stadium, Bob Marley and the Wailers performed the song ‘No Woman No C ry’ mid day because promoters feared a riot [would spark in the streets. † (moga1985's Channel, 2006) One of the great songs ever written, â€Å"[n]umber 37 on Rolling Stone’s 500 Greatest Song of All Time† (Wailers, B. M. , 2011. ), made a huge impact on society when the famous musician Bob Marley helped to bring peace into his country. But what is it that attracts and persuades people to react after listening to words of a performer? The music,take out the the lyrics, tones, beat, or is it the rhetorical statement within the song?After completing the recent research of â€Å"No Woman No Cry†, the proposed purpose of this melody is said to preach the word for a better government, and is dedicated to Bob Marley’s mother, Ciddy, for the love and support she provided through the hard times in Trenchtown, Jamaica. The people of Jamaican took the rhetorical meaning of the song into action. Rebellions and riots were feared to hit the streets to fi ght for peace and love the natives deserved in Jamaica. Bob Marley’s face and name revolves around the drastic change of Jamaica. Taking the hetorical meaning of this simple song is strong enough to be used as a weapon to protect rights; to have a better life. To help further understanding of Bob Marley’s words, the information collected has been constructed, analyzed, and developed into a thought of the rhetorical analysis, (and the reasoning for the words carefully chosen for the song â€Å"No Woman No Cry†) take this out. Bob Marley carefully chose his words for the song â€Å"No Woman No Cry† to show the desperate need for peace and to love to his nation by using repetitions, a variety of tones and beats, and peaceful rebellion.The rhetorical analysis of Bob’s songs helped to motivate the people into an understanding of the need for peace. In everyday life we experience rhetorical situations, such as advertisements or just simply trying to get someone to raise the thermostat without asking but initially presenting the issue. In most rhetorical situations, people continue to retain the music or rhythm without noticing the rhetoric in songs, poems, and articles. Such an example is the famous repetative song â€Å"No Woman No Cry† by Bob Marley and the Wailers.It is believed the song was intentionally written for Bob Marley’s mother, Ciddy, or for the sake of his country and religion. Reason for such rhetorical words was because of the independence of Jamaica. Marley was being â€Å"[e]xposed to the staunch realities of abject poverty, low pay, malnutrition and disease and a lack of political rights by the poor, houses which were anything from cardboard boxes to beaten out oil drums nailed together, roadblocks, migration, [and] food shortage. † (rasta man vibrations, 2011. Life became hard for the Jamaicans therefore the song’s rhetorical message relates to the politics at the time being and influ enced millions world-wide for peace. The phrase â€Å"[i]n the government yard in Trenchtown, Oba, ob-serving the hypocrites† (Ford, Vincent, 1976) refers to the lack of help and support for the people suffering. Marley’s rebellion wasn’t just to preach how bad the government is or to persuade the public to revolt; in fact his voice rang another bell. To teach the world to love and take care of one another is the message in between the lines of the lyrics.His famous quote â€Å"No Woman No Cry† has imprinted the Jamaican government with a rhetorical situation of hard times in life, and the tone peace and love sets a good state of mind in the people’s hearts; in which helped the movement of Jamaican independence. The message from the lyrics means more than just singing to be heard, it’s about having a better life, and to show that â€Å"No Woman [should] No[t] Cry† (Ford, Vincent. ) because the future will be better. To get to the rhet orical message, you must first discover the features of the song â€Å"No Woman No Cry† for a better understanding of how and why the lyrics and beats influence the message.The construction of a song can show other characteristics about the artist’s appearances or beliefs. First recognized by the audience are the diction and the chronological order of ideas from the performer. Bob Marley’s chose of words are mainly informal diction. He speaks to his audience as if he personally knows them. Bob’s language is so passionate and his words relate to the audience on a deep personal level. A popular choice of writing is repetition of words or phrases also used in the â€Å"No Woman No Cry†. The lines â€Å"No Woman No Cry† and â€Å"Everything’s gonna be alright† (Ford, Vincent. are repeated and detain a deeper message verses just seeing the plain text. Sentence structure is also a helpful tool used by artist. The arrangement of ideas in a song is very important. In the Also, the performance of the song is very sophisticated. Because Marley’s words were so passionate, people literally took the rhetorical message into action. Most reggae music is a form of steady beat and ska combined and slowed. Usually the third or fourth string is accented and this tends to be the standard rhythm.The rhythm, beats, repetition of words, and the order of Bob Marley’s ideas all contribute to the rhetorical message of the song. Content and form are presented in the song and correspond to one another. The main purpose received from â€Å"No Woman No Cry† was the simple fact to not worry or stress and that the individual will be reassured â€Å"everything will be alright†. The author of the song appeals to the reason of hardship in Trechtown, Jamaica. Such reason of this is the change of Jamaica’s government control. Independence was won shortly before the burst of reggae music.People began to view life differently and shift to a new prospective. Not only does Bob Marley make music but he also changes many individual minds on a variety of subjects. When individuals listen to the words presented in a song, they form an image or story of what the performer is introducing. For the song â€Å"No Woman No Cry†, the audience infers it is about a woman and the performer is trying to reassure her that there is no reason to cry. But in reality, the sweet words are directed into two ways. One line in the lyrics â€Å"Then we would cook cornmeal porridge† (Ford, Vincent. ) is eferring to the dinners Marley would enjoy with his mother. â€Å"Although porridge for dinner was an indication of the family’s economic need it was also conversely an indication of strength and love through Bob’s satisfaction with having such a meal. † (rasta man vibrations, 2011. ) This line is so sincere about the memories he shared with his mother growing up poor without food . After analyzing the song, a different perspective is formed. Majority of the audience assume the rhetorical message is directed to the relationship between Marley and his family and also to preach for a better system of government for Jamaica.Emotionally the audience feels a sense of hurt, hope, and calming peace from the performer. To contribute to this sense, form of the lyrics helps to portray such emotions. The structure of communication is sculpted into public communication; â€Å"In other words, it is the intention of the communicator that what is communicated might be received/apprehended by anyone. † (Faulkner, Andrew, 2009. ) The performer, Bob Marley, uses such communication in hopes the audience will receive the information of the public to understand and continue to fight for the hope of having a free and peaceful country.This usage of form and content helps the artist reach out to the public. Marley’s approach to the public and the techniques he had chos en were very useful to get his rhetorical message in his song clear to the point. Performers write and sing for various reasons and another key element to a performer’s writing is his audience. When listening to a song, a thought of whom the lyrics are directed to is proposed. ‘Who could the writer possibly be directing his attention to? ’ is question often brought to mind. In the perspective of Marley, his intentions were to his people; the natives suffering in Jamaica. Then we would cook corn meal porridge, Of which I'll share with you† this line considers the meals Bob Marley would eat with his mother. At the time in Jamaica, the public was so poor they couldn’t afford to have a diversity of food. The message within these lines is directed to his mother. Like many of the Jamaicans, Marley had experienced hardship therefore we can only assume his audiences are the people of Jamaica. â€Å"In its literal sense the song can be interpreted as an ode to Marley’s mother and the hardships they both faced in Trench Town†. (Rasta man vibration, 2011).The performer used much of his personal experiences show that he too feels the same as the rest of the public. In sense that the public wanted a better life; to have food, free of diseases, and a home to live in. We as the modern day listeners, interpret the song into manners in which we can understand. It is believed the information Marley has given to his audiences is exposed for the spread of the good word; peace. Historical events influence the people experiencing the change of life, hardship, pain, and the need of support from those who want to ‘rule’.The wide range of audiences Bob Marley has obtain have continued to spread the peace, love, and happiness in hope that one day the people of the world will not have to â€Å"she’d no tears. † (Ford, Vincent, 1974. ) Out of such powerful performances and significantly constructed communication cu lture and values can be produced. Marley had ‘moved the people’ into a cultural development people today continue to practice his motivations. Individuals practice the art of marijuana, love, peace movements, and creating reggae music. Marley’s face can be seen from posters to T-shirts and his words are used as greetings or goodbyes.Till this day, Marley’s name is best known for his perspective on life, the fight for his people, to keeping his religion, and a better government in his country. Many audiences have been reached out by the words of Bob Marley and his music lives on today touching the hearts of many people. The only clear cut rhetorical message Bob Marley has given to the world is the uplifting phrase, â€Å"Peace, Love, and Happiness. † Rhetorical analysis can provide a deeper intellectual thought of an article, book, poem, or song. In this case, the song â€Å"No Woman No Cry† by Bob Marley and the Wailers was analyzed to receiv e the message within the lines.Love, hope, pain, and sorrow all contribute to the long lasting song Bob Marley has given us. The sentence structure, structure of communication, and features used help to contribute the reasoning of â€Å"No Woman No Cry†. The performances of the artist contribute to the passive moving lyrics as well. A performer will most likely present the rhythm and beats to help the sentence stucture of the lyrics. Looking through the fine print of casual writings reveals rhetorical analysis with a little research and historical fact support. References 1. Bob Marley’s song No Woman No Cry. n. d. ). rasta man vibration. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://www. rasta-man-vibration. com/no-woman-no-cry. html. 2. __video_username__, m. (2006, April 2). moga1985's Channel – YouTube . YouTube – Broadcast Yourself. . Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://www. youtube. com/user/moga1985. 3. BobMarley. com | The Official Site of Bob Marley . (2010, December 27). BobMarley. com | The Official Site of Bob Marley . Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://www. bobmarley. com/. 4. Wailers, B. M. (2011, September 20). No Woman, No Cry – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/No_Woman. 5. â€Å"No Woman No Cry Lyrics – Bob Marley. † Lyrics, Song Lyrics – LyricsFreak. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 Oct. 2011. ;http://www. lyricsfreak. com/b/bob. 6. Ford, Vincent. â€Å"No Woman No Cry† lyric credit. (1976) 7. Faulkner, Andrew. â€Å"The Structure of Communication  « Reflections and Insights on Transformation. † Reflections and Insights on Transformation. N. p. , 17 May 2009. Web. 2 Oct. 2011. ;http://sureshfernando. wordpress. com/2009/05/17/the-structure-of-communication/;.

Urbanization in Brazil Essay Example

Urbanization in Brazil Essay Example Urbanization in Brazil Paper Urbanization in Brazil Paper Urbanization in Rio de Janeiro Brazil As civilization continues to develop, the rural characteristics of various towns and areas continue to be removed. This removal Is resulting In the Immense growth of cities all across the world. Arbitration Is a process that has previously occurred and continues to take place In nearly every part of the world that humans have inhabited. With a metropolitan population of more than twelve million people in two thousand two, ROI De Jeanine Brazil is the alignments largest metropolitan area in the world, larger than Chicago, Paris and London (Bryn, Retina, 2003: 599). It is a city that appears appealing to many with its alluring climates and, more importantly, its numerous occupational opportunities. Although there are various reasons for the increasing population in the city of ROI De Jeanine, it is clear that Arbitration plays the largest role in the overpopulation that has taken place over the past few decades. There are a plethora of problems that this rapid Arbitration is causing for the city, however, the pull factors drawing people to the city and the push factors pushing those same people away from their rural areas seem to outweigh the risks of migrating to an overcrowded metropolis. There are certainly a variety of factors pulling those living in rural areas of Brazil to migrate to ROI De Jeanine. One of the most obvious is that many see the city as an ultimate land of opportunity. In other words, it will be much easier for people to find work when they live in such a large area with a greater number of opportunities. Overall, those outside of ROI De Jeanine see a vast convenience in simply moving there. A BBC article on Arbitration suggests that access to education, health, social services and cultural events is much more readily available in a city than in a rural setting (2002). Additionally, everything is located so closely in cities which can make motor ventricle use unnecessary Tort many colleens. Something that I Nils Is certainly would draw in populations as running an automobile is a large expense. ROI De Jeanine has efficient mass transportation systems in place because of its large population. Systems such as this are not feasible for rural populations (Arbitration, 2002). Finally, ROI De Jeaneries density of people, wealth and other city resources provide a better opportunity for citizens to receive noteworthy educations. Basically, when enough people are put together in a small area, hey start coming up with ideas to do things cultural, political, commercial and social activities that Just dont occur outside of cities (Arbitration, 2002). Therefore, without the development of cities, universities which attract to those with ambition would have never come about. When reviewing the appealing factors of moving into the city of ROI De Jeanine, it is understandable why the city has become so overpopulated. Although the pull factors do make migrating to ROI De Jeanine sound ideal, there are several issues that rapid Arbitration has caused. The most prominent problem is the newcomers search for housing. Many new migrants to cities in ROI De Jeanine cannot afford housing. Therefore, they are forced to build temporary accommodation in spontaneous settlements. I nose settlements are class Janice nee as Taverns or slums. According to autumn Permian, these settlements usually occur in two main areas of ROI: along the steep hillsides, or along the outer fringes of urban expansion (1999: 24). These settlements are built of scrap materials and often have no water, sanitation or electricity. A Brazilian woman spoke out in an article stating, the urban world is not world of cities, it is a world made of slums (Wooden, 2007: 13). Garbage is either incinerated on the hills or brought down to the street where the city is supposed to haul it away. If incineration occurs, this can easily ignite many of the wooden houses and cause people become sick due to the smoke. Since the city often does not live up to its obligation to haul away the trash, it can build up on street and also become a source for disease (Godlier, 1991: 19). Many consider the velars the source of Iriss urban problems, citing them for crime, violence, promiscuity, family breakdown and the creation of a culture of poverty. The prevailing view is that the velars are Just a transfer of poverty form the entry to the city and are responsible for the negative effects of over-Arbitration (Hall, 1995: 90). Others view the vela as Just another part of the framework of ROI. It is a natural occurrence of the city and is compared to a weed growing in a garden, there will always be weeds. Despite these views, attempts to m to be a great challenge. Earners ten Taverns Ana deal Walt ten son retag AT telltales are proving Unfortunately the vela settlements and conditions that come along with them are not the only negative impacts that Arbitration has had and continues to have on ROI do Jeanine. There are various environmental problems that are occurring which are also due to Arbitration. One of the most obvious differences between an urban and a rural area is the air quality. Due in large part to heavy motor vehicle traffic, and also to energy production, it is often that a large cloud of smog hangs over ROI. This polluted air is, in addition to being quite ugly, a public health problem. Secondly, an academic article links the occurrence of acid rain in Brazil to also be caused by pollutants released by industries and the large fleet of vehicles (Santos et al. , 2007: 87). Subsequently, as ROI becomes more and more urbanize, the water cycle changes dramatically. Generally, cities have more precipitation than surrounding areas, with pollutants and convection currents that cause raindrop formation. Once the water falls, instead of being absorbed by the soil, it is instead channeled into run-off systems, picking up ground along the way. This pollution is added to that brought about by industrial waste and sewage disposal, which is often untreated in ROI De Jeanine. The final environmental problem cause Arbitration is the overall destruction of habitat. To make room for migrants, many trial land sources such as wetlands are paved over which leads to a loss of ecosystems (Interpol, 102: 2004). Therefore, any species dependent on that ecosystem die out in the area. Ultimately, as ROI De Jeanine continues to become more urbanize and populated, the environment continues to suffer. On a more positive note, there are efforts being made in an attempt to prevent the negative impacts that Arbitration has on this beautiful city. The direction those that are helping are heading in can be directly related to Karl Mars theory that correlates overpopulation with capitalism. Governments are focusing mainly on improving the slums and velars of ROI. In other words, they are attempting to reduce poverty, which is precisely the theory that Marx suggests will be the most successful in lowering overpopulated cities. Temporary wooden shacks have been rebuilt using brick rather than scraps, and water and electricity is somewhat more common nowadays in the slums. Furthermore, a 300 million dollar Vela Barrio project has been set up to help improve the living conditions of those struggling in ROI (McCann, 2006: 153). They plan to widen streets and put in pavements to decrease the risk of accidents on the roads Also, water peoples wall De alai as well as saddles Tort electricity as tense are Don crucial, especially water. Plans for safe places for children to play such as football fields are also in the works, as many children often find themselves in danger due to crime and lack of safe places to play. These plans are beginning to look successful, and many are being put into action. However, it will take a great deal of time to change what has already been done. Also, some of these plans will still play a role in the negative impact of Arbitration. For example, paving the streets will story some natural land sources while also leading to greater transportation which irrevocably results in more air pollution. The fact that Arbitration is still happening so quickly makes it tough to take complete control over the issue. It is undeniable that Arbitration in ROI De Jeanine is not going to end any time soon, Just as it will not in various other countries around the globe. The ultimate goal of urban planning appears to be achieving the benefits ROI De Jeanine provides while attempting to limit overwhelming negative consequences that come with those striving to get the benefits. Although educing poverty may help, formulating plans to deal with the growth of ROI De Jeanine rather than letting it grow naturally is the most logical method. It is true that these plans will be challenging but they will also allow for a more adequate structure to support the population. It can be said that planning cities for sustainable growth is one of the major challenges facing humanity at the beginning of the third millennium. Despite the efforts being made to improve the living conditions of those struggling within ROI De Jeanine, Arbitration is a barrier that will take an extensive amount of time to overcome. Reticence Bryn, R. , Lie, J. , Retina, S. (2003). Sociology Your Compass For a New World.

Carter Surname Meaning and Origin

Carter Surname Meaning and Origin CARTER Surname Meaning Origin: Carter is an English occupational name for the transporter of goods by cart or wagon. From the Anglo-Norman French caretier, a derivative of Old French caret which originally meant carrier. Another possible derivation comes from cairtear, a Gaelic term for tourist or sojourner. Carter is the 46th most popular surname in the United States and the 54th most common surname in England. Surname Origin: English Alternate Surname Spellings: MCCARTER, CARTIER Famous People with the Surname CARTER: Jimmy Carter - 39th president of the United StatesHoward Carter - British Egyptologist and archaeologist, famous for the discovery of King Tuts tomb Genealogy Resources for the Surname CARTER: 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? CARTER Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Carter surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Carter query. FamilySearch - CARTER GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Carter surname and its variations. CARTER Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Carter surname. Cousin Connect - CARTER Genealogy QueriesRead or post genealogy queries for the surname Carter, and sign up for free notification when new Carter queries are added. DistantCousin.com - CARTER Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Carter. Looking for the meaning of a given name? Check out First Name Meanings Cant find your last name listed? Suggest a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

The Values of Online Advertisement on Social Media Sites Essay

The Values of Online Advertisement on Social Media Sites - Essay Example This paper illustrates that various studies have been carried out on Facebook and how it has now been used in online advertisements and for commercial purposes. In a study by Clemons, Barnett, and Appadurai, the authors set out to establish the value of social media networks such as Facebook to the future of advertising. The authors were able to establish that the social media are a tool which has allowed the consumers to determine what they want to be made aware of the products themselves without being influenced by profiteering companies. The authors, therefore, were able to point out that consumers are now using the Internet and the social media in order to carry out what they want at the time of their choosing. These consumers are also able to escape TV ads through TiVO and seemingly, the social media network is the last resort for advertisers. With the growth of the Internet and the social media, consumers have now become more discerning and not totally trusting what is advertis ed on TV or in newspapers or magazines. These consumers have now become more empowered in their consumption as they are able to use the social media to review products and determine how well a produce would work for them. This study is, however, based on secondary information gathered from a database and from the research of other authors on the subject matter. Nevertheless, the data established by the authors are reliable as they confirm trends already established in previous studies. The authors were also able to provide a clear and valid assessment of the data, linking these to current trends in advertisement and social media applications. Gaps in the data are apparent in relation to the primary database needed to support reliable and evidence-based research. Nevertheless, the value of the social media in advertising has been apparent in this study and in other related studies. In the study by Tucker, the author sought to evaluate how Internet users’ conceptualization of c ontrol over their personal data impacts the likelihood of their clicking on online advertising. The authors used data they gathered from a randomised field experiment where they sought to examine the general efficacy of personalizing ads on social networking sites including Facebook. The authors revealed that the website gave the users the chance to have greater control over their personally identifiable data. The website also did not change how the advertisers utilised data to target and modify the ads. When privacy measures were introduced, the users were even more likely to click on personalized ads. The study suggested that it may be important to give the users control over their private data in order to assist advertising-supported media and advertisers on said sites. This also means that privacy controls can have harmful advertising outcomes. For advertisers, such controls are not enticing prospects, but for consumers, are welcome prospects. As a randomized controlled field st udy, this study provided strong primary evidence for this research. The methodology was well explained and replicable, with the design appropriate for the variables being studied.

Nuernberg Augsburg Maschinenwerke Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 13

Nuernberg Augsburg Maschinenwerke - Case Study Example The routes that give optimum services will be the one to settle on. As a matter of fact, it would be important to note that the initial shipment is of significance. Thus, the best or preferred alternative would be for rail transport to be used from Prague to Hamburg and an Ocean vessel to be used from Hamburg to Santos. The rationale behind this alternative is that the given transit times with Hamburg are fixed, that is, three days by rail and eighteen days by the water. Compared to Rotterdam, the rail transit time is four or five days though water transportation s seventeen days. However, the case does not offer insight on how the port congestion and the issues concerning it could affect the time in which shipments would be loaded. Additionally, the case does not give information concerning the port's performance in terms of the damage and loss metrics. Moreover, though the case shows that the rail’s transit period is either four or five days, information on what percentage o f shipments could be completed in four days could have been of significance. From the case study, different constituencies are involved in the initial shipment, for instance, dockworkers, railroads and ocean carriers. However, particular customers more so the public transit authorities buy products from Nuernberg Augsburg Maschinenwerke (N.A.M.). Consequently, N.A.M should, therefore, be the responsible party that should offer direction on customer service support since the customers buy products from this company. Accordingly, many different kinds of customer service support are available. In effect, Real-Time shipment tracking company should indeed be the best option for customer service support since the firm is in a position to let the customers the location of the shipment at any given time.

Company stock profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Company stock profile - Essay Example The success on foretelling harmful geological disasters aids in determining future contracts and payments. The second division includes the Division of Resources, which aids in the exploration and extraction of mineral, water and rock for profit. GEO updated its monetary report for the whole year of 2014 and issued a guidance report for investors towards the second quarter of the year. The organization expects its net income to rise from $1.78 to $1.86 per share. Secondly, it also anticipates the annual revenue to range between $i.60 billion and $ 1.62 billion. The enterprise also increased its Net Operation Income to an array of $452 million to $458 million. For the second part of the 2014 financial year, the total amount of diluted shares aims at increasing at a range of $55 million to $57 million. Additionally, the expected revenue for the second quarter of the year is bound to range between $404 and $409 million. The organization’s expenses are low contrast to the revenues making it gain profits rather than lose (The Geo Group 3). For the GeoHazard division, the department secured a number of insurance contracts in order to develop electronic monitoring devices that aid in the prediction of geological catastrophes. The step improved the company’s detection and mitigation skills allowing it to manage its future risks hence aiding in securing future contracts and payments. Furthermore, its ability to predict future occurrences enables it to facilitate its operation services. The Geo Energy Resource Division reports a return to profitability with a net profit of $0.1 million compared to a previous loss of $0.9 million experienced in 2013. The gross profit margin shows a gradual improvement compared to the year 2013 with an raise of $7.2 million, and the company expects an increase towards the second quarter of the year. Generally the profitability and performance levels of the

Importance of Data Security and Data Safety Essay Example for Free

Importance of Data Security and Data Safety Essay To prevent companies from using or passing on confidential information to other companies without the permission of the person who the data is about, companies will need to protect the data. With the popularity of the Internet there are opportunities for thieves to steal their personal data. So the government set a law (data protection act) which is used to protect peoples rights concerning how data is used and you also have the right to see such information and have any errors corrected. Also organisation will want to keep data confidential because it will not want its competitors to know how the business is going. List the 8 principles of the Data Protection Act The Data Protection Act says the personal data should: 1. Be adequate, relevant and not excessive. For example college should keep students details and details must be just what is needed and nothing more. 2. Be processed in accordance with the data subject right. For example the person that the data refers to have the right to read the information about him/her and the organisation should provide hem/her with information they need. 3. Be accurate and be kept up to date. There is a duty to keep it up to date, for example to change an address when people move. 4. Not be kept longer than necessary. For example it is alright to keep information for certain length of time but it would be wrong to keep information about past customers longer than a few years at most 5. Be obtained and processed for limited purposes. For example the organization must use the data only in the way it is described and it must not use it for any other purpose. 6. Be secure. This includes keeping the information backed up and away from any unauthorised access. It would be wrong to leave personal data open to be viewed by just anyone. 7. Not be transferred to countries outside Europe without adequate protection. Unless the country that the data is being sent to has a suitable data protection law 8. Be processed fairly and lawfully. For example if you put your money at bank no one can transfer your money without your permission. (a) What is the difference between the Internet, Intranet and Extranet? (P8) Internet: Are public networks that allow the user to use any of its facilities. Intranet and Extranet: is like a private internet. It is like a website that is only accessible to the members of a business or company. The different between Intranets and Extranet is: Intranet: Allow the members of organisation to access the access the system with an organisation. Extranet: Allow the members of organisation to access the system from different location but only by the users who have been given access rights. (b) * What is a browser? Is programme that can read web pages, by downloading HTML code and that allows the browser to interpret the code to the web page. A browser displays web pages, keeps track of where youve been, and remembers the places you want to return to, the most used browsers are Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator. * Describe the role of a browser when using the Internet, Intranet and Extranet Browser allows the people to access information, view images, hear music and watch video, in the term of intranet and extranet the browser allows user to share documents, access databases and allow group work. * Describe the role of email when using internet communications. You can send email to an individual or to a group of people at the same time, you can create mailing list so that you can write a message and send it automatically to number of people. Also you can send files such as pictures, word document and sound as attachments to your message. (a) List major threats to an organisation that could happen while using the Internet. (P9) 1. Hacking (use to steal the personal details and private files of company) 2. The spreading of viruses (use to destroy or damage the important files of company) 3. Internet fraud (taking credit card details from customers) 4. Spay ware (is biggest threat in the computer system which allows someone to log into your computer and use it for their own purpose) 5. Spam ( sending unwanted messages especially commercial advertising) Purpose of assignment In this assignment, I have to do research and get information on the importance of data security and data safety. M research must be from ICT sources and non ICT sources and by using the evidence that I collect I should explain the importance of keeping customer information confidential, the main provision of data protection act, the role of browsers and email in internet communications, the difference between internet, intranet and extranet, the major threats to organization from internet and finally a poster that explains the importance of data safety and data security. The assignment will also gather key skills portfolio evidence. M5 Physical Security: Use of security guards, locks, reinforced doors, windows and walls depending on what is being protected. Use of ICT to enforce security entry on doors, and protected areas of buildings i.e.: swipe cards, fingerprint ID, voice recognition. Firewall: This is a security device, which acts as a single entry/exit point for information and access to a computer system. All traffic must pass through the firewall and therefore a system is secure from external threats. A firewall usually sits between the internal network of an organisation and access by the internet. Virus Protection: It is usual for systems to have some form of anti-virus software installed and running in the background. All files and devices introduced to the system would be scanned, any attempts to alter system files would be blocked, and notification made to the user/system administrator. Preventing the use of floppy disks is a good method of eliminating one source of potential virus problems. Identification of Users: A system of user IDs and passwords is a simple method of preventing unauthorised personnel accessing the system. These should be managed by the system administrator. With this, only some users will have access to certain programmes and data therefore increasing the level of security on sensitive data. In addition, some users may only be able to read the data and not write the data. Other users may not have the ability to delete or even to access certain files. Encryption software: the data may be encrypted (coded) into a form, which can only then be decoded by the intended user. If the data falls into the wrong hands, it will be meaningless. Backups: To guard against the loss of data, backups should be regularly made. These backups should be stored in a separate place, preferably in a fireproof environment. Passwords software: Password protection usually involves a person typing in: * A User Name to identify the person. * A Password to identify the person. He should be the only one to know what it is. Computer viruses: which are programs that destroy the way computer operates without the knowledge of the user, there are huge numbers of viruses some are extremely malicious with the ability to delete or damage files and programs. Some of the threats that they cause to computer systems include: * Deleting data on the hard disk of the organisation computer system. * Enabling hackers to hijack the organisation system and use it for their own purposes. How do viruses spread: * CDs and floppy disks containing infected documents. * Emails containing infected attachments. Hackers: who gain unauthorised access to computer systems for the purpose of stealing and corrupting data, also gaining access to financial information about the organisation business or their customers for the purposes of fraud. Security measures may include * Each user should be given a user name and a password. * Computer usage may be logged. * Computers should be disconnected from a network when not in use. * Use a firewall a computer running software, which detects hackers dialling in to a network. Spam: authorised users downloading a web page or receiving an email with hidden active content that attacks the organisation system or send sensitive information to unauthorised people. Organisation can stop spreading of spam by using spam filtering software Spy ware: is software that is placed on organisation computer when the employee visits certain websites, it is used to secretly gather information about the organisation usage and sends it back to advertiser or other interested company to tracking the organisation system use .it can also slow down or crashes the organisation computer Pop up: Many company advertisers on the Internet by using windows that pop up in the middle of computer screen to display a message. They might also open when you click a link or button on a Web site, and they might open either over or under the window, you wish to view. Some pop-up windows can contain inappropriate content or can be a way for employee of organisation to accidentally download dangerous software (called spyware or adware) onto organisation computer. Infringement of copyright: Internet users are not allowed to copy or print some internet materials such as; video, music, files and photos without the permission of copyright holder and sometimes they may have to pay a licence to do so. Theft and fraud: credits card fraud for example people can steal the details on credits card and using them illegally to buy goods Sole trader: A sole trader is the actual owner of a business, a sole trader also has unlimited liability. All the debts of the business are the debts of the owner. They can not issues shares .The whole meaning behind Sole means that she/he does not have partners. (e.g. electrical repair, picture framing, photography, diving instruction, retail shops, and hotels) Partnership A Partnership can be liable for all debts, it is easy to setup, but is also inexpensive to form. Forming partnership requires an agreement that is some times called partnership agreement between two to twenty individuals which entitles them to jointly own and carry on a trader business together. A partnership is a contract between two or more persons who agree to pool talent and money and share profit or loss. Private limited company A Private limited company has limited liability (the shareholders cannot loose more than their original shareholdings), and a minimum of two shareholders and a maximum of fifty shareholders. It cannot offer its shares to the public. A private limited company is treated as a legal entity. Public limited company A company which may have an unlimited number of shareholders and offer its shares to the wider public. (e.g. Cadbury and Tesco) Multi-National company A company that does business in more than one country, usually by setting up branch offices. Tesco Characteristics * Type of company: Tesco is an international retailer and is a publicly owned company (Public Limited Company Plc). * Products: including food and non-food business, personal finance, internet shopping, electrical items, home entertainment, toys, sports equipment, and many more. * Profit / loss: Tescos Profit and Loss 2005 2004 Sales at net selling prices 37,070 33,557 Turnover including share of joint ventures 34,353 31,050 Less: share of joint ventures turnover (379) (236) Operating profit/(loss) 1,949 1,735 Share of operating profit/(loss) of joint ventures and associates 130 97 Net profit/(loss) on disposal of fixed assets 53 (9) Profit on ordinary activities before taxation 1,962 1,600 Underlying profit before net profit/(loss) on disposal of fixed assets, integration costs and goodwill amortisation 2,029 1,708 * Size of company: Tesco operates 923 stores and employs 240,000 people , there are 639 branches in Great Britain and 182 in the rest of Europe * Location: they operate in UK, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Thailand, South Korea, Taiwan and the Republic of Ireland * Purpose of company: to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty. * Aims: Built good non-food sales expanded into retailing services and exploited e-commerce successfully. * Objective: 1. To deliver a consistently strong customer offer. 2. Making their shopping trip as easy as possible. 3. Constantly seeking to reduce their prices to help customer spend less. * Logo: Cadbury Characteristics * Type of company: is an international retailer and is a publicly owned company (Public Limited Company Plc). * Products: chocolate and drinks brands. * Profit / loss: Cadbury Profit and Loss à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (Millions) 2006 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (Millions) 2005 Turnover 6,508.00 6,085.00 Operating Profit / (Loss) 1,003.00 825.00 Net Interest (188.00) (205.00) Pretax Profit 843.00 642.00 Post Tax Profits 703.00 497.00 Total Dividend Paid n/a n/a Retained Profit / (Loss) for the financial year n/a n/a * Size of company: they operate in more than 35 countries and they employs over 55,000 people * Location: Americas, Europe, Middle East and Africa and Asia Pacific. * Purpose of company: the organization work together to create brands people love. * Aims : 1. Deliver shareowner performance. 2. Ensure their capabilities are best in class. 3. Reinforce reputation with employees and society * objective: 1. Responding to consumer needs quickly. 2. Grow shareowner value. 3. Attract and develop the best kind of people.